Themes In Once And Future King Essay -- essays research papers

T. H. White's The Once and Future King is one of the most complete and unique portrayals of the immortal legend of King Arthur. Though it has been in print for less than half a century, it has already been declared a classic by many, and is often referred to as the "bible" of Arthurian legend. White recreates the epic saga of King Arthur, from his childhood education and experiences until his very death, in a truly insightful and new way. This is not, however, the first complete novel of Arthur's life. In the fifteenth century, Sir Thomas Malory wrote Morte d'Arthur, the first complete tale of Arthur's life. Since then, a countless number of books have been written on the subject, yet none can compare to The Once and Future King. It has easily become the most popular of all the Arthurian novels as it is loved by both children and adults. Though similar in many ways to other works of the same subject, such as Malory's, White gives new details, meanings, and insightful modern ization to the story, giving it an earthy quality, which the reader can identify with. White's rendering of the Arthurian legend differs from the traditional versions in that he includes contemporary knowledge and concepts, adds new stories and characters to the legend, and provides new perspectives by probing deeper into the existing tales. Anachronism It is the contemporary tone in The Once and Future King, which gives the novel its present-day feeling. This helps the reader to relate to the story, rather than placing it in strictly within the context of the Arthurian period. For example, early in the novel Eton College is referred to, which White then points out "was not founded until 1440," but the place was nevertheless "of the same sort"(4). Another example of anachronism can be found during a discussion between Merlyn and Wart, when Merlyn exclaims "Castor and Pollux blow me to Bermuda!" (86). During the days of Arthur, Bermuda was an unknown place, and would not be discovered until the fifteenth century. Though these references have no true significance to the plot of the story, White uses anachronism as a device to aid the reader in association with the context. And, as in other of White's novels, "the author's presence is apparent" (Fries 260), giving the feeling of an oral storytell ing. These "almost too frequent histori... ... often" (28). This depiction of Merlyn shows his amusing and funny personality, which White exposes throughout the novel. The frequent use of comedy gives White's novel a unique twist which cannot be found in the traditional versions of the story. When T. H. White decided to write The Once and Future King, he realized that his task would be an ambitious one. He faced the challenge of telling a tale which has been present for centuries, in a new way which would make it of interest to readers. His recreation of the Arthurian legend more than lives up to that challenge. The addition of new themes, anachronism, characters such as King Pellinore, and new adventures gives the novel a unique flair without straying too far from the traditional legend. The deeper interpretations of the characters and events in the story provide for a truth and authenticity not to be found in similar works, and the sense of humor gives White's novel an individual touch. T. H. White's The Once and Future King is one of the best retellings of the Arthurian legend, and his additions to the tale create an invigorating and entertaining combination, ranking it among the most popular and best read of all.

Concept of HRD Essay

‘Dhanesh â€Å" Auto Inc. has been a major global manufacturer of automotive product. In December 2002, Lumax Industries acquired it. Headlight, side indicator and brakelight are among their leading products. One of the challenges that both the former Dhanesh Auto Inc. and the present Lumax Industries have faced is the fact that over half of their employees not regional employees. Lumax Industries executives recognised that there was a need for more company leaders with global expertise, as Lumax Industries then became a publicly traded company in February 2004. They wanted executives with expertise concerning issues in more than one country. They also wanted leaders who could help promote a â€Å"Seamless† organization, that is, an organization that had fewer boundaries between functions, business units – and countries. Dhanesh auto had already established an executive development program that it called the Business Leadership Program (BLP). This program was aimed at developing the top one percent of â€Å"promotable† employees. The BLP addressed issues such as global strategy, leadership style and behaviour, culture and organization capabilities. The program used various techniques during the formal training portion, including lectures, discussions, individual projects, case studies, and team building interactions. There was also an â€Å"action learning† module, where trainees worked on actual issues that the company was currently facing. Approximately thirty-five people at a time went through the BLP process. An assessment made by Lumax senior managers was that, in general, Lumax management did not have the level of global competency that was required to manage their increasingly global corporation. In particular, the company’s succession planning process had identified a sufficient gap between the global skills required and those possessed by their top managers. This led them to refocus their Global Leadership Program (GLP). This was also connected to their performance appraisal, professional development, and succession managerial management process. Questions: If you were part of the leadership development team at Lumax, what type of global issues would you like to see emphasised in the new GLP? What types of training methods do you; think might be appropriate for training top managers and executives? Why? Are there other things that you would include in addition to formal training? Increasingly more importance is given to â€Å"people† in organizations. This is mainly because organizations are realising of all assets. This emphasis can also be partly attributed to the new emerging values of humanism and humanisation. Moreover with the increased emphasis on creativity, and autonomy, which people are increasingly acquiring and enjoying in the society, the expectations of people are fast changing. People cannot be taken for granted any more. If you said â€Å"yes† to any of the above questions, you have been involved in some form of human resource development†. Organisation of all types and sizes, including schools, retail stores, government agneices, restaurants, and manufacturesrs have al least one thing in common: they must employ competent and motivated workers. The concept of HRD was formally introduced by Leonard Nodler in 1969 in a conference organised by the American Scoiety for Taining and Development. Leonard Nodler defined HRD as, â€Å"those learning experiences which are organised, for a specific time, and designed to bring about the possibility of behavioural changes†. Definitions: A comprehensive definition of a term provide clear understanding and scope of the subject. HRD’s main concern is the development of skill and abilities, knowledge and competencies of employees/ people. 1. According to TV Rao: A process by which the employees of an organisation are helped in a continuous planned way to: i)acquire and sharpen capabilities required to perform various functions associated with their present or expected future roles. ii)develop their general capabilities as individual and discover and exploit their own potentials for OD. iii)development an organisation culture. In HRD employees of an organisation are helped / motivated to acquire knowledge and competencies. 2. According to TN Chabbra: HRD is a continuous process to ensure the development of employee competencies, dynamics, motivation and effectiveness in a systematic and planned ways†. 3. According to Jon M. Werner: HRD can be defined as a set of systematic and planned activities designed by an organisation to provide its members with the opportunities to learn necessary skills to meet current and future job demands. 4. According to Jennifer Joy and David Megginson: HRD is the term we use to describe an integrated and holistic, conscious and proactive approach to changing work-related knowledge and behaviour, using a range of learning strategies and techniques. HRD activities should begin when an employee joins an organsiation and continue throughout his or her career, regardless of whether that employee is an exceutive or a worker on an assembly line, HRD programs must respond to job changes and integrate the long-term plans and strategies of the organisation to ensure the efficient and effective use of resources. Features of HRD On the basis of the above definitions, important featues of HRD may be summarised thus: a.HRD is a system: It is a system having several interdependent parts or subsystems such as procurement, appraisal, development etc. Change in any one subsystem leads to changes in other parts. For example, if there is a change in the promotion policy where seniority is replaced with merit, the chain reactions on affected individuals, unions shall have to be assessed – keeping the difficulties in framing acceptable guidelines regarding ‘merit’ in mind. b.HRD is a planned process: It is a planned and systematic way of developing people. Further, it is undertaken on a continuous basis. Learning, as we all know, is a life-long process and goes on and on. c.HRD involves development of competencies: Basically it tries to develop competencies at four levels. At the individual level, employees are made to realise the importance of playing their roles in tune with overall goals and expecitations of other people (regarding such roles). By enriching and redesigning jobs, the roles of employees are made more meaningful and interesting. At the interpersonal level, more stress is laid on developing relationships based on trust, confidence and help. At the group level, task forces, cross functional teams are created to cement inter-group realtions. At the organisational level, the organisation is made to nurture a ‘development climate’, where every effort is made to harnes human potential while meeting organisational goals. d.HRD is an interdisciplinary concept: HRD is an amalgamation of various ideas concepts, principles and practices drawn from a number of soft sciences. e. Learning is at the core of all HRD efforts. Four agents of development: (i) The person or role (ii) the immediate boss of the person (Dyad) (iii) HR Department (Group) (iv) the organisation. There are many strands to HRD, e.g., Personal developemnt; development for a current job on situation; development in or for new work settings; activites through which individual and organisational goals may be reconciled; and development leading to a better, fuller life for individuals, organisations and wider communities. In a way broad sense HRD may also be seen as ‘the capacity to incorporate learning into behaviour’. ACTIVITY: CREATE YOUR OWN DEFINITION OF HRD Take a few moments to think about your own position and scope for HRD by defining what HRD means to you. Start by writing ‘Human Resource Development’ in the centre of a landscape page, draw ten radiating lines and attach to each one a key word or short phrase you associate with the words in the centre. It can be illuminating to compare your own result with that of colleagues. What proportion you think you will have in common? _________________________________________________________________ HRD Goals and Beliefs The goal of HRD system is to develop: †¢the capabilities of each employee as an individual; †¢the capabilities of each individual in relation to his or her present role; †¢the capabilities of each employee in relation to his or her expected future role(s). †¢the dyadic relationship between each employee and his or her employer; †¢the team spirit and functioning in every organisational unit; †¢collaboration among different units of the organization; †¢the organization’s overall health and self-renewing capabilities, which in turn, increase the enabling capabilities of individuals, dyads, teams and the entire organization. The basic philosophy of HRD is based on certain beliefs. BELIEFS Human beings are capable of enlargement. Even ordinary mortals can produce extraordinary results. Common men can do uncommon things. Trust them, give them a chance and leave them on their own, with occasional help wherever needed. They not only grow but also help the organization realise its goals and progress. There will be amazing improvements in production, productivity and quality. †¢Human resources are the most important assets in the organization. †¢Human resources can be developed to an unlimited extent. Two plus two could be five, six or ten. †¢A healthy organisational climate (openness, trust, collaboration) is essential for developing human resources. †¢HRD can be planned and implemented to benefit both individuals and organizations. †¢ If the organization is able to inculcate a spirit of ‘belongingness’ in its employees, they will be more loyal and committed. †¢To ensure this healthy feeling, the organization has to provide for their basic as well as higher order needs through appropriate management styles and systems. †¢The commitment of employee increases when he / she is able to find opportunities to use his / her potential while at work. †¢The managers must clear the paths, create a development climate and help employees realise their full potential. †¢The higher the level of the manager the more attention should be paid to the HRD function in order to ensure its effectiveness. †¢The maintenance of a healthy working climate and the development of its human resources are the responsibilities of every organization. Why HRD HRD is needed by any organization that wants to grow continuously in the fast changing environment organizations can scale new heights only through the effective and efficient use of human resources. Appropriate personnel policies help maintain employee motivation and morale at a high level, but this alone may not help the organization achieve success and venture into new fields. To this end, employee capabilities must be continually trained, developed and expanded. The employees must be encouraged to take risks, experiment, innovate and make things happen in an atmosphere of mutual trust, goodwill and cooperation. â€Å"People need competencies to perform tasks. Higher degree and quality of performance of tasks requires higher levels or degrees of skills. Without continuous development of competencies in people, an organization is not likely to achieve its goals. Competent and motivated employees are essential for organizational survival, growth and excellence†. BENEFITS OF HRD 1.HRD improves the capabilities of people. They become innovative and enterprising-ever eager to take the risk and get ahead. It improves the all round growth of an employee. Feedback and guidance from superiors help employees grow continually and show superior performance. 2. HRD improves team work. Employees become more open and trust each other. The organizational climate too, improves a lot. 3.HRD leads to greater organizational effectiveness. Appropriate employee-centred policies help the organization achieve the goals more efficiently. 4.Performance related rewards help employees realize the importance of utilizing their skills fully in the service of organizational goals. The organization’s overall health and self-renewing capabilities, too, improve quite significantly. HRD MATRIX The HRD matrix shows the interrelationships between HRD instruments, processes, outcomes and organizational effectiveness. a.HRD instruments: These include performance appraisal, counselling, role analysis, potential development, training, communication policies, job rotations, rewards, job enrichment programmes, etc. These instruments may vary depending on the size of the organization, the internal environment, the support and the commitment of the top management, the competitive policies, etc. b.HRD process: The HRD instruments led to the generation of HRD of processes like role clarity, performance planning, development climate, risk-taking, and dynamism in employees. Such HRD processes should result in more competent, satisfied and committed people that would make the organization grow by contributing their best to it. c.HRD outcomes: HRD instruments and processes make people more c ommitted and satisfied, where they tend to give their best to the organization enthusiastically. d. Organizational effectiveness: Dimensions: such HRD outcomes influence the organizational effectiveness, which in turn, depends on a number of variables like environment, technology, competitors, etc.

What are the Effects of Representation and Self-regulation...

Introduction Media in its numerous forms is an endemic part of modern life. We are continually exposed to media texts and their representations of gender and sexuality. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in how these representations affect our perceptions of gender and sexuality. Initially I will define what is meant by representation and self-regulation in a media context. Secondly, I will examine debates around these issues including self-identity role models, privacy public interest and censorship freedom of speech. To support this I will analyse three case studies to illustrate how media texts are produced and consumed and what effect this has on the representation of gender and sexuality. Defining terms†¦show more content†¦Our media-rich environment is an immense source of influence on these decisions which is the basis of our self-identity. (Aber.ac.uk, 2001) It is important to note how media texts construct their preferred meanings and what influence this has. Role models should also be considered because they are closely linked with self-identity. A role model is understood to be someone whom one ‘looks up to’ and shares your values and aspirations (Gauntlett, 2002). Gauntlett describes the six types of role model in his book ‘Media, Gender and Identity ’: ‘The ‘straightforward success’ role model: people who have been successful in their chosen field. The ‘triumph over difficult circumstances’ role model: people who have overcome adversity to achieve success often become the most popular role models. The ‘challenging stereotypes’ role model: female action heroes that counter the idea of ‘feminine’ women, and the idea that only men can fill tough leading roles. The ‘wholesome’ role model: these are the ‘role models’ which older generations are comfortable with. The ‘outsider’ role model: rejected by mainstream culture, the outsider role model is a hero to those who reject conventional social expectations. The family role model: thisShow MoreRelatedVisual Representation Is Our Cultural Dictator1876 Words   |  8 PagesVisual representation is our cultural dictator, the general sense of the word is ‘the description or portrayal of someone or something in a particular way’ (Oxford Dictionaries., 2014). In terms of design it’s ‘the depiction of someone or something in a work of art’ (Oxford Dictionaries., 2014). Representation is constructed of social values; it influences status, class and politics. The ‘circuit of culture’ (Hall, S., 1997, p.1) is the system in which society operates; it includes identity, productionRead MoreJudith Butler in Media Studies3516 Words   |  15 Pages Judith Butler in Media Studies When reading a biography of Judith Butler, a person would typically see a discussion of a highly intelligent philosopher of feminism, political theory, ethical and moral responsibility or gender studies. Her bibliographies are commonly describes as have a career focused on â€Å"research ranging from literary theory, modern philosophical fiction, feminist, gender and sexuality studies, to 19th- and 20th-century European literature and philosophy, Kafka and loss, mourningRead MorePopular Culture And Popular Music2034 Words   |  9 Pagespart of our everyday lives; we are constantly influenced by it as it is a mainstream medium that everyone has access to, it displays different forms or topics everyday for everyone to enjoy. Culture helps us to understand the world that we live in, what is happening in the world at the time, all about society which all contributes to how we understand ourselves. It’s argued that popular culture has been around since the eighteenth century and (Storey 2003, p. 1) states that ‘Romanticisms, folkloreRead MoreUnit 10 Safeguarding5317 Words   |  22 Pagesinvolved can also range from violent physical and psychological abuse through varieties of personal, financial or institutional abuse. Anon, (2014). Task 1.1: Explain why particular individuals and groups may be vulnerable to abuse and or harm to self and others with reference to the case study. Vulnerable: People who are emotionally and physically weak are vulnerable people. e.g. Older people, disabled people, children, People with  mental health  problems, people with learning difficulty, peopleRead MorePorn and Censorship15240 Words   |  61 PagesTraditionally, liberals defended the freedom of consenting adults to publish and consume pornography in private from moral and religious conservatives who wanted pornography banned for its obscenity, its corrupting impact on consumers and its corrosive effect on traditional family and religious values. But, in more recent times, the pornography debate has taken on a somewhat new and surprising shape. Some feminists have found themselves allied with their traditional conservative foes in calling on theRead MoreRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 Pages34 5.1 Socio demographic situation of Indigenous Peoples Afro-descendent communities 34 5.2 Expressions of racism in Nicaraguan society 35 5.3 Manifestations of ethnic discrimination in the cultural sphere 36 5.3.1 Ethnic devaluation and low self-esteem 36 5.3.2 Invisibility in daily public life 39 5.3.3 Ethno-linguistic hierarchy and interethnic conflict 40 5.3.4 Prejudices based on â€Å"awareness of color† 41 5.3.5 Discrimination against use of the mother tongue 42 5.3.6 DevaluationRead MoreIdentity And The Search For The Self Among The Sub Continental Diaspora10173 Words   |  41 Pages Chapter- One Theorising Identity and The Search for The Self among the sub-continental Diaspora in Britain Identity has always been a problematic area of interrogation epistemologically, existentially and politically and it continues to propel our thought. Etymologically, the term is derived from Latin word ‘Idem’ meaning ‘same’ (Oxford Online Dictionary) which means ‘specific quality or condition of being a specific person or an object†.Read MoreThe Effects of Advertising on Children33281 Words   |  134 Pagesany process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Manager, Communications/Media, Australian Communications and Media Authority, PO Box 13112 Law Courts, Melbourne Vic 8010. Published by the Australian Communications and Media Authority Canberra Central Office Purple Building, Benjamin Offices Chan Street, Belconnen PO Box 78, Belconnen ACT 2616 Tel: 02 6219 5555 Fax: 02 6219 5200 Melbourne CentralRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pagesresearch facilities. Familiarize yourself with the disciplinary culture by identifying the ethos—the values, beliefs, discourse practices, and epistemological assumptions—of a department, program, or college (liberal arts or science and technology). What does it mean to think and write like a member of a specific intellectual community? For example, members of the science community embrace an epistemology—a way of knowing—―consistent with the traditional objective orientation of scientific inquiryâ€â€"Read MoreVerbal and Nonverbal Communication11225 Words   |  45 PagesAs screen and through Bs screen. When B responds to A, B is responding to what she heard rather than what A might have intended. She shoots her message back to B through her own screen of attitudes, values, and so on, through As screen. What is often not understood is that the way we get messages through our screens and through another persons screen often is confusing and distorting in and of itself. We add to what we hear, we fail to hear, and we distort messages according to the modes that

Hobbes Laws of Nature Essay - 700 Words

Based upon the assigned segment of Thomas Hobbes’ The Leviathan, I find that it contrasts very strongly with my own perception of humanity and our motivations. I consider his conclusions to be both ignorant and uninformed (ironic, considering I’ve only ever read one segment of his works†¦) at least in regard to human nature. Hobbes takes the position that in a â€Å"state of nature† there are no laws and as such the concept of justice and injustice is null, because there is no law to violate or enforce. Which, in the most basic, factual and literary sense, is true. But in application, I don’t believe that the theory holds much merit. Hobbes’ basis for the state of nature is that in such a state, there is no authority, and without authority,†¦show more content†¦Ignoring the seemingly self-contradicting aspect of Hobbes’ theory, then by his own definition, if somebody where to invade for the sake of fighting, that would be unjust , as it would violate his natural laws. If not injustice, what would Hobbes claim a selfish and violent act such as rape or murder be? In our society, there exist plenty of people who do not recognize the right of government (theoretically placing them in a state of nature), but out of either principle or (a concept which I believe Hobbes neglects) sympathy, they do not rape or murder whomever they could gain something from. Without yet even considering the possibility of justice in the state of nature, Hobbes’ views already seem preposterous. With no applied government, if somebody were, hypothetically, to steal something from another person and an observer were to stop the thief and return the stolen item, then whether there are laws or not, that -- at least by my definition -- would be considered justice. Hobbes does however differentiate good and bad from just and unjust. Good being what men desire and bad being what men hate. These definitions being of childlike in their simplicity are in Hobbes’ eyes, applied on a person by person basis. Perhaps the question, in light of Hobbes’ views and the modern understanding of these words should then be rephrased: â€Å"Is there good or bad in a state of nature?† Which I think depends on the majorities feelings. Perhaps the definitions haveShow MoreRelatedLocke Vs. Hobbes : The Need For The Social Contract1238 Words   |  5 Pagesbeneficial to individuals in a group. The original social contract required that there was a strong leader who could protect all involved from harm, since the world was a dangerous and deadly place. This allowed the original social contract that Hobbe’s beliefs are based on, and at the time, it is possible that an autocratic society was necessary. We obviously did not have the capabili ty to govern ourselves yet. It wasn’t until around 3000 years ago that humanity got this chance, with the destructionRead MoreThomas Hobbes State of Nature in Leviathan Essay847 Words   |  4 Pagesdeemed paramount. Within the State of Nature that is, outside of civil society we have a right to all things ‘even to one another’s body’, and there would be no agreed authority to ensure the moral grounds of our decisions. Therefore since there are no restrictions and no shared authority; man is naturally un-guarded and prone to conflict and each individual is deemed a potential threat to our resources. From this concept Hobbes deduces that the state of nature is thus primarily a state of war,Read MoreComparing Thomas Hobbes and Augustine Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesAn Antedote For It nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Augustine believes that the condition of war arises when the perfectly ordered and harmonious enjoyment of God is disrupted (The City of God, 690) whereas Hobbes believes that the original state of nature is a condition of constant war, which rational and self-motivated people want to end. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Augustine argues that peace is more than the absence of hostilities - it is a state of harmony that makes possible the full functioningRead MoreCompare and Contrast Hobbes’s and Locke’s Views of the State of Nature and the Fundamental Purpose of Political Society. Whose View Is the More Plausible? Why?1564 Words   |  7 Pagesviews of the state of nature and the fundamental purpose of political society. Whose view is the more plausible? Why? Introduction Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both natural law theorists and social contracts theorists. While most natural law theorists have predominantly been of the opinion that humans are social animals by nature, Locke and Hobbes had a different perspective. Their points of view were remarkably different from those perpetuated by other natural law theorists. On theRead MoreHobbes And Locke s Political Legitimacy1530 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical legitimacy might look quite similar at first glance, because each theorized about the nature of mankind and the right political systems that would meet the needs of individuals. However, in Hobbes’ perspective, political authority does not pre-exist in individual’s state of nature, rather, it is created by the social contract and serves to ensure self-preservation which is threatened in a state of nature. In contrast, Locke thought that the social contract does not create authority, but that politicalRead MoreConflicting Moral Argum ents : Louis Vaughn s Philosophy, Moral Relativism And Moral Objectivism872 Words   |  4 Pageshow things should be† (2). In Philosophy, moral relativism and moral objectivism are two conflicting but somewhat overlapping school of thought. These beliefs govern the way an individual acts; they also decide the ethical guidelines from which the law is written. In this essay we will delineate the differences between the two sects of belief. Pojman asserts that many people self-report as moral subjectivists; he writes that humans fall victim to rashly praising relativism for its tolerance of otherRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Policies916 Words   |  4 Pagesin trading as we can see in the United Nations and the Trans Pacific Partnership that is currently being debated on. Political realism supports Hobbe’s view of the state of nature. Hobbes asserts that without a presiding government to legislate codes of conduct, no morality or justice can exist. â€Å"Where there is no common Power, there is no Law: where no Law, no Injustice if there be no Power erected, or not great enough for our security; every man will and may lawfully rely on his own strength andRead MoreThe Social Contract: Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau1377 Words   |  6 Pagespunishment to the performance of their covenants and observation of those laws of nature...† (Levithian, Pt. 2 Ch. 17 s. 1) Locke, similarly feels that, he purpose of law is not to restrict the freedom of man but rather to preserve man and grant him liberty. â€Å"†¦ the end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom: for in all the states of created beings capable of laws, where there is no law, there is no freedom: for liberty is, to be free from restraint and violenceRead MoreThe Fault Of Our Sovereign1638 Words   |  7 PagesThe Fault in our Sovereign In Hobbe’s, â€Å"Leviathan,† he gives a detailed account of what he believes is the best way to live, a big part of this is establishing something along the lines of a government. Hobbes believes that every one is a psychological egoist and takes this into account when forming his ideal form of government. Hobbes believes that having a sovereign is the best route one can take to live as an egoist. I believe that it is ultimately not the best route for an egoist, first becauseRead MoreRussian Mafia1601 Words   |  7 Pagescommit a crime, in this case, this would apply to whether members of the Russian Mafia are egocentric and advancing their own personal gains and interests in practicing the activities they do. Rational theorists say that its in our human behavior and nature to self-advance our own interests and causes. According to the rational choice theory, we could make the argument that members of the Russian Mafia are people, who are freethinking, independent r ational decision-makers. If we trace back to the beginning

Satyam Scandal - 1623 Words

SATYAM SCANDAL I. Analyze the case and respond to the following questions: (a) Discuss the earnings management techniques employed by the management of Satyam. In this case of Satyam, I can conclude that the obvious technique employed by the said management are: 1. â€Å"Big Bet on The Future†. When an acquisition occurs, the company acquiring the other is said to have made a big bet on the future. As refer to this case, Ramalingam Raju the Chairman of Satyam Computer Services Ltd. believes the acquisition of Maytas Infra and Maytas Properties will benefit Satyam and boost its earnings in the future. The first instance is when he knows both Maytas companies are highly growth company in developmental infrastructure. So,†¦show more content†¦The manager of the company needs to understand the effects of the accounting reporting that they reported so they can make the best decision on behalf of the company. In addition, earnings management is a strategy used by the management of a company to appropriately manipulate the company’s earnings so that the figures match a pre-determined target. This practice is carried out for the purpose of income smoothing. Thus, rather than having years of good or bad earnings, companies will try to keep the figures relatively stable by adding and removing cash from reserve accounts. So, the financial statements of the company will be seen smoothly over the years with the smooth earnings or net profits. The reasons for many companies using earnings management within the company are whether to maintain steady earnings growth or to avoid reporting in losses. So, people use earnings management in different ways to cover their activities, whether the activities are acceptable or not acceptable. The earnings management is not be called as not acceptable activities if the activities not manipulate financial statements and report results that is not really incurred in reality. In other word, the earnings management will be not acceptable if it misrepresenting financial results. Some earnings management can be classified as acceptable and some can be classified as not acceptable. The instance of acceptable earnings management is advertisingShow MoreRelatedSatyam : India s Biggest Corporate Scandal1959 Words   |  8 PagesExecutive Summary Incorporated in 1987, Satyam Computer Services Limited (a foreign private issuer) was India’s fourth largest IT company that operated in 65 countries around the world, including 9 offices in the United States. It had American Depository Shares traded on the New York Stock Exchange during the fraud period (2003-2008) and changed its name to Sify Technologies Limited in October 2007. Now, Satyam has a new senior management team consisting of members formerly associated with Tech MahindraRead MoreSatyam : India s Growing Success Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesSATYAM COMPUTER SCAM Satyam Computer Services Limited was formed in 1987 in Hyderabad (India) by Mr. Ramalinga Raju. The firm began with 20 employees and grew rapidly as a ‘global’ business. It offered IT and business process outsourcing (BPO) services spanning various sectors. Satyam was as an example of â€Å"India’s growing success.† Satyam won numerous awards for innovation, governance, and corporate accountability. From 2003-2008, the company grew measurably. Satyam generated Rs. 25,415.4 millionRead MoreEthics in Accounting1196 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity – New York Accounting for Decision Making, MBA 640 Fall 2011 Required Research Paper Page 1 of 11 Table of Contents Number Content Page Number 1 Introduction 3 2 Ethics in Accounting 4 3 Enron Scandal 6 4 Satyam Scandal 8 5 Conclusion 10 6 References 11 Page 2 of 11 Introduction †¢ What is â€Å"Ethics†? Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality—that is, conceptsRead MoreEssay about External Auditors Must be Independent1154 Words   |  5 Pagesauditor, Arthur Andersen became one the most popular accounting scandal where it is still being talked about even after a decade has passed. Following this scandal, other massive organizations like WorldCom (2002), AIG (2004), and Satyam Computer Services (2009) shared the same fate. Since then, there have been questions being asked on the issue of the independence of auditors being one of the major contributors to these accounting scandals. Firstly, it’ll be good to know the definition of auditingRead MoreThe nature, incidence and ethical issues of creative accounting4406 Words   |  18 Pagesmanipulate the figures reported in the accounts of a business (Naser, 1993, p.59). Creative accounting, at root, is the origin of numerous accounting frauds. Many accounting scandal cases (like the scandals in Enron, WorldCom, and other firms) in the past few years had happened with the result of collapse. Most of these scandals were conducted by the senior management of organisations and many victims include the employees, shareholders as well as the society had been suffered from these fraudulentRead MoreFraud As White Collar Crimes1581 Words   |  7 Pageswhether to believe to business, corporate companies and even our neighbours. 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Concepts of Developmental Psychology Free Essays

General adaptation syndrome (GAS) and its stages (think of real-world examples) 8. Lazarus’ primary and secondary appraisal (think of real-world examples) 9. Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping (think of real-world examples) 1 1 . We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Developmental Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Type A and Type B behavior pattern 12. Optimism 13. Sexually transmitted diseases CHAPTER 11 STUDY GUIDE (Define,’describe all terms) 1. Personality 2. Sigmund Freud and his emphasis on unconscious forces 3. Unconscious, preconscious, conscious 4. ‘d, ego, superego – what they are and what â€Å"principle† the operate with 5. Defense mechanisms – list and define 6. Psychosocial stages of development (see chart on page. 358) Know how to apply these! 7. Alfred Idler’s individual psychology . Inferiority complex 9. Conditions of worth 10. Characteristics of self-actualization individuals 11. Unconditional positive regard 12. Trait theories 13. Cardinal and central traits 14. Raymond Chattel’s source traits 15. Five-factor model 16. Extroversion and introversion 17. Reciprocal determinism 18. External and internal locus of control Please reproduce the pyramid and label the levels representing Mascots Hierarchy of Needs. The five questions that help determine whether behavior is abnormal 2. Definition of psychological disorder . Cognitive perspective 4. The category of disorders that is most prevalent in the U. S. 5. Panic disorder 6. Generalized anxiety disorder 7. Social phobia 8. Obsession 9. Compulsion 10. Major depressive disorder 11. Bipolar disorder 13. Risk factors for suicide 14. Psychosis 15. Schizophrenia 16. Delusion 17. Paranoid schizophrenia 18. Dissociation disorders (remember, this is NOT THE SAME THING as schizophrenia) 19. Dissociation identity disorder 20. Antisocial personality disorder (Define,’describe all terms) 1. Insight therapy 2. Psychodrama therapy 3. Techniques used in psychoanalysis 4. Carl Rogers, humanism, and person-centered therapy 5. Humanistic therapy 6. Person-centered therapy 7. Types of relationship therapies 8. Behavioral therapy 9. Time out 10. Factors that increase the effectiveness of time out 1 1 . Systematic desensitizing 12. Flooding 13. Exposure and response prevention 14. Aversion therapy 15. Participant modeling and Bandanna’s observational learning theory 16. How to cite Concepts of Developmental Psychology, Papers

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Questions: What Are The Limitations Of Cloud Computing? What Are The Negative Impacts Of Cloud Computing In A Business Organization? Is Cloud Computing Secure Enough For An Organisation? What Are The Possible Threats Of Using Cloud Computing In A Business Organization? Is The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Cloud Computing Industry Specific? What Approaches Of Using Cloud Computing Are Incompetent For Generating Profit? How The Services Of Cloud Computing Can Be Improved? Answers: Introduction The business research is conducted for analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the cloud computing that is being used by the business organization in Australia. The cloud computing has revolutionized the way business functions and even managed business applications, computer software and servers to deliver computing resources through use of internet. The internet is enabled for managing the cloud computing and has created better scopes and opportunities for providing computer processing resources and servers to other computer systems based on the needs and requirements (Baskerville and Wood-Harper 2016). One of the major advantages brought up with the implementation of cloud computing system is the accessibility to various kinds of computer applications and programs with the help of internet. The other advantages include reduction of operational costs, on-site hosting of price for deploying the computer applications in the cloud and management of physical resources properly as well . Project Objective To identify the probable ways by which data and information can be stored and processed on a private cloud. To evaluate the impact created by using the cloud computing by the retail organizations in Australia. To assess the various ways or approaches that are required to undermine the cloud computing system and prevent issues related to data security and accessibility To recommend necessary measures for improving the effectiveness of cloud computing system implemented by the retail organizations in Australia Project Scope The scope of the project is enough to find out the various ways by which cloud computing can be done along with the benefits obtained from it. It can be seen that cloud computing provides better services for managing the fluctuating bandwidths and manage the remote servers properly. Cloud computing helps in managing disaster recovery as well as manages automatic software updates to keep the computer system secure and free from any kinds of viruses and malwares (Bryman and Bell 2015). The files that are stored on databases can be accessed from anywhere with the use of internet connection. In spite of the benefits, cloud computing has several drawbacks too like additional charges for managing bandwidths, not being able to access data in case on no internet connection, sharing and exchange of private data may not be possible when required and lack of ability to manipulate files and data locally (Bykztrk 2017). Cloud computing The cloud computing enables storage for data and information that can be maintained, managed and backed up even, thereby allow the users of services to store files online in a secured manner as well as gain accessibility to those from anywhere over the world by using internet. With the advancement in technology and communication, business management organizations need to sustain properly and for that it is important to manage storage of data, maintain good system architecture, enable autonomic computing system and ensure that all information are properly stored and accessed (Collis and Hussey 2013). The servers of networks are used that are hosted on the internet for handling data storage, accessibility and processing rather than using a local server or personal computer system. Advantages of cloud computing The major benefits of using the cloud computing are improving the technological infrastructures to expand flexibility and reduce the costs of expenses incurred while managing the cloud computing system. The cloud computing system is location independent, because of which, the users can access data from anywhere just by utilizing the internet facility. The businesses can follow a centralized approach that can reduce the cost of operations and overhead as well as increase the effectiveness of systems with ease and effectiveness (Csikszentmihalyi and Larson 2014). There are better scopes for managing disaster recovery and the security measures have improved as well. Cloud computing system enables self-service provisioning that allows the end users to compute the resources and manage workload according to the demands. The businesses can easily scale up with the increase in needs of computing whereas the scaling down happens when the demands are decreased (Marshall et al. 2013). The users could pay for the resources and workloads used by them, which further could result in avoiding the necessity to make investments. Disadvantages of cloud computing Few disadvantages of using the cloud computing are that lack of usability and convenience, poor bandwidth, etc. If data and information are transferred from the local storage device to the cloud storage, then it would be permanently moved and it could not be retained in the original folder where it was found earlier. The cloud storage devices have certain limit for bandwidth and in case the organization moves beyond the limitation of bandwidth, then additional charges will be required (McDonald et al. 2013). Thus, business organizations need to look at the bandwidth prior to considering the cloud storage. If there is no internet connection, there is no benefit of cloud computing and data cannot be accessed even. The security of data and information is hampered because sharing and exchange of information and data to other organizations can create complexities for business. All the services must be downloaded on all devices to manage the changes of data and information (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill 2012). The cloud computing has offered extensive services like encryption and decryption along with better management of security of data and information effectively. This could prevent identity thefts as well as loss of important data and information with ease and efficiency. Literature gaps The gaps found in the literature are related to the articles and documents that are not authenticated and validated, due to which the research has taken some additional time for completion. The articles and documents consisting of relevant data and information must be assessed again to determine the negative outcomes that might be generated as well as accomplish the research in much more details (Schaufeli, Maslach and Marek 2017). Research Hypothesis H0: The cloud computing used within the Australian retail sector has created some major issues while accessing data and information H1: The use of cloud computing system has improved the efficiency of business processes by managing servers, accessing and storing data with better flexibility. Research Question Research questions are the backbone of the research on which it is carried out. It is impossible to carry out research in any discipline without formulating proper research question. The questions are identified through the literature review, where the gap is identified to find out the scope where additional research is needed. The research questions are broadly divided into two categories that are primary and secondary. The primary research question focuses on the detail that needs to be answered, whereas the secondary questions are formed to obtain the answers for the primary question. Both the primary and secondary research questions helps the researcher to direct the research in a particular direction. Research Design and Methodology In this part of the research proposal, the discussion is based on different methodsa and designs that will work as a vessel to carry out the entire research. According to Baskerville and Wood-Harper (2016), research methodology and design is the framework of any research, which is associated with a set of paradigm assumption, and this assumption will conduct the research. Henceforth, it is necessary to identify the methods that are essential for the success of the research (Baskerville and Wood-Harper 2016;Bryman and Bell 2015). The research methods are broadly divided into two categories that are qualitative and quantitative research method. Qualitative methods are used to collect the qualitative data. This type of data can not be quantified or put in number. The analysis are done by its quality not quantity. On the other hand, quantitative methods are used to collect the measurable numeric data. There are various methods used in data collection. Some of them are specific to one cat egory and some of them are used in both the methods (Bryman and Bell 2015). This particular research will incorporate some specific data collection method that will be fruitful and provide significant data. They are as follows. Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research Both of these can be used in both the researches. The process of selecting the target population on which the study will be conducted is called sampling. The process marks out of segments a small portion of a larger population. It identifies the part of the larger mass that is potential to provide accurate data on the research. It is done in the initial part of the research (Collis and Hussey 2013). On the other hand, sample size is the number of the number of a sample on which the research is likely to be conducted. (Marshall et al. 2013) Data Collection Method The data collection method can be further divided into two types Primary data collection method and secondary data collection method. If the data is collected from the primary sources such as from the organization CEO, employee who are directly related to the organization, it is primary data collection method. Whenever the data are collected for secondary sources such as literature, it is referred as secondary data dollection method (Saunders, Lewisand Thornhill 2012). Reliability and Validity Csikszentmihalyi and Larson (2014) points out that when a particular instrument is used multiple times on the same topic in order to get similar topic, it is called reliability. It is for verifying the authenticity of the data. Validity of the other hand is the mandatory requirement for all types of research (McDonald et al. 2013). Research Instrument Research instruments are the tools used for collecting data. Various research instruments will be utilize in this research such as questionnaire, interview, observation, and reading (Schaufeli, Maslach and Marek 2017). Quantitative Data Analysis Process These are the numeric data collected using a range of methods and instruments. The management of cleaning and coding has been done to present the data in a detailed manner based on proper analysis and interpretation. All these are important concepts of the quantitative data analysis (Bykztrk 2017). Interview and Questionnaire Design One of the most important method used in this particular research is the interview and questionnaire method. When the researcher directly interacts with the informant and indulges in a question answer process for obtaining information, it is called interview. Both open ended or closed ended questions are asked in this particular process for accessing particular information. Questionnaire on the other hand is also a type of interview where the subject is provided with a set of questions. S/he has to reply to the questions in yes and no format. These two methods are important in organizational research where primary authentic data is necessary (Willis 2015). Research Limitation Every research has a limitation and it cannot address everything related to the topic. Too much data can sometimes spoil the research. The researcher himself sets some limitations whereas; some are imposed by the external factors. Time is an important external factor that sets limit for the research. Only a limited amount of data is possible to collect and analyzed in a particular timeframe. On the other hand, limitation set by the researcher is important to focus on a particular aspect of the study. Objectives of the research plays crucial role in setting limits as the research focuses in meeting the particular objectives(Veld-Merkoulova and Viteva 2016). Time Schedule (Research Plan) The research will be carried out over 2 year relying on both primary and secondary data. The secondary data includes the articles, journals, reviewed articles etc. On the other hand, the primary data are the data collected through interview method and questioner design. In both the cases, both qualitative researches and quantitative research will be carried out for collecting the data. The time schedule specifies particular timing and order to carry out the research successfully (Collis and Hussey 2013). It can also be refer as research plan, which specifies the topic, background, objective, methods, data, and analysis of the data and the timing and order it needs to be conducted. Main activities/ stages Month Jan 2016 Month Jun 2016 Month Dec 2016 Month Jan 2017 Month Jun 2017 Month Dec 2017 Selection of topic Collecting data from secondary sources Constructing the research layout Literature review Development of research Plan Selection of Appropriate Research Techniques Primary data collection Analysis Interpretation of Data which are collected Conclusion Development of Draft Final Work submission Conclusion Various researches conducted on the cloud computing demonstrates potential advantages and approaches of using the service in a business settings. The impacts of incorporating cloud computing in a business organization have been identified. However, there are only limited researches that focus on the disadvantages and limitations of cloud computing in business organizations in different industries. It is important to identify the limitations, disadvantages and negative impacts of the services to improve the service and extract the maximum profit out of it. Moreover, the possible threats of using cloud computing and the vulnerability of the system are the important area of research to make necessary innovation in the service. The confidential data of the business organizations needs absolute protection from the external threat. Therefore, understanding the negatives will throw lights in the areas that require development. The proposed questions mentioned in the proposal are capable of addressing these problems. The methodology and design of the research discussed in the report are essential to carry out the research in a favorable structure. However, there are some limitations of the research due to the limited time and access. Hence, the research will be carried out in the given boundaries. Reference List Baskerville, R.L. and Wood-Harper, A.T., 2016. A critical perspective on action research as a method for information systems research. InEnacting Research Methods in Information Systems: Volume 2(pp. 169-190). Springer International Publishing. Bryman, A. and Bell, E. 2015, Business Research Methods, (Fourth Edition), UK, Oxford University Press. Bykztrk, ?., 2017. Sosyalbilimleriinverianalizi el kitab?.PegemAt?f?ndeksi, pp.1-213. Collis, J. and Hussey, R., 2013.Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Palgrave macmillan.Saks, M. and Allsop, J. eds., 2012. Researching health: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. Sage. Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Larson, R., 2014. Validity and reliability of the experience-sampling method. InFlow and the foundations of positive psychology (pp. 35-54). Springer Netherlands. Marshall, B., Cardon, P., Poddar, A. and Fontenot, R., 2013. Does sample size matter in qualitative research?: A review of qualitative interviews in IS research.Journal of Computer Information Systems,54(1), pp.11-22. McDonald, C.M., Henricson, E.K., Abresch, R.T., Florence, J., Eagle, M., Gappmaier, E., Glanzman, A.M., Spiegel, R., Barth, J., Elfring, G. and Reha, A., 2013. The 6?minute walk test and other clinical endpoints in duchenne muscular dystrophy: Reliability, concurrent validity, and minimal clinically important differences from a multicenter study.Muscle nerve,48(3), pp.357-368. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. 2012. Research Methods for Business Students 6thedition, Pearson Education Limitedf. Schaufeli, W.B., Maslach, C. and Marek, T. eds., 2017.Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research. Taylor Francis. Veld-Merkoulova, Y. and Viteva, S., 2016. Conclusions, Limitations and Future Research. InCarbon Finance (pp. 129-131). Springer International Publishing. Willis, G.B., 2015.Analysis of the cognitive interview in questionnaire design. Oxford University Pres